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ARCHIVED - Draft Assessment for Ethylene Glycol

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Appendix A: Tables 1 to 13

**Table 1: Chemical and Physical Properties of Ethylene Glycol**
Property	Parameter	Reference	Fugacity Model Input Parameters (Mackay et al. 1995)
Molecular formula	C₂H₆O₂
Molecular weight (g/mol)	62.07		62.07
CAS registry number	107-21-1
Common synonyms	glycol, glycol alcohol, ethylene alcohol, ethylene dihydrate, monoethylene glycol, 1,2-dihydroxyethane, 1,2-ethanediol
Physical state (25°C)	colourless liquid
Melting point (°C)	-13 -11.5	Budavari et al. 1989 Howard 1990 Weast 1982-1983 IPCS 1993 HSDB 1999	-13
Boiling point (°C)	197.6	Budavari et al. 1989 Howard 1990 IPCS 1993 HSDB 1999
Density (g/mL) at 20°C	1.1135 1.1 1.1088 1.1130	Budavari et al. 1989 IPCS 1993 HSDB 1999 Verschueren 1983
Vapour pressure (Pa)	6.7 (20°C) 7 (20°C) 12.27 (5°C) 11.7 (25°C)	Verschueren 1983 IPCS 1993 Howard 1990 HSDB 1999	12
Henry's Law constant (Pa·m³/mol)	6.08 × 10^-3 5.81 × 10^-6 (calculated) 2.37 × 10^-5 (calculated) 6.0 × 10^-3 (experimental)	Howard 1990 Hine and Mookerjee 1975 Hine and Mookerjee 1975 Hine and Mookerjee 1975	7.5 × 10^-3 (calculated based on fictitious water solubility of 1.0 × 10⁵)
Log K_ow	-1.36 -1.93 -2.02	Howard 1990 Verschueren 1983 Iwase et al. 1985	-1.36
Solubility in water	miscible	Budavari et al. 1989 IPCS 1993	1.0 × 10¹¹ mg/L
Conversion factor	multiply by 1.11 g/mL to convert µL/L to mg/L
Half-life -- air	0.35-3.5 days 0.24-2.4 hours	Howard et al. 1991 Darnall et al. 1976	55 hours
Half-life -- water	2-12 days (aerobic) 8-48 days (anaerobic)	Howard et al. 1991 Howard et al. 1991	55 hours
Half-life -- groundwater	4-24 days	Howard et al. 1991
Half-life -- soil	2-12 days	Howard et al. 1991	55 hours
Half-life -- sediment	-	-	170 hours

**Table 2: Ethylene Glycol Releases from all Reporting Sources (NPRI 1994 - 2005)**
Report Year	Number of Reporting Facilities	Total Disposal	Total Recycled	Untreated Releases	Total Glycol Releases
1994	237	2073	821	2931	5825
1995	237	3523	359	3857	7739
1996	275	3775	353	3765	7893
1997	289	3997	913	4569	9479
1998	294	2874	2748	2986	8608
1999	327	3198	1632	2207	7037
2000	333	4390	7230	2570	14 190
2001	337	5597	3358	2346	11 301
2002	358	5985	2202	1571	9759
2003	345	5215	2953	2331	10 500
2004	345	4573	2702	2358	9633
2005	353	5270	2675	2175	10 119

Notes: All releases in tonnes. "Untreated Releases" does not include underground injection.

**Table 3: Untreated Ethylene Glycol Releases, by Compartment, All Sources (NPRI 1994-2005)**
Year	Reporting Facilities	Compartment				Total Releases
Year	Reporting Facilities	Air	Water	Land	Underground Injection	Total Releases
1994	178	377	91	2453	77	2998
1995	165	533	72	3247	220	4072
1996	188	504	69	3188	233	3994
1997	192	378	26	4161	133	4698
1998	175	256	33	2691	139	3119
1999	203	284	28	1890	245	2447
2000	190	317	68	2179	422	2986
2001	223	247	58	2037	123	2465
2002	188	312	51	1206	173	1742
2003	185	352	444	1532	173	2501
2004	184	343	545	1465	126	2479
2005	177	297	572	1301	93	2263

**Table 4: Ethylene Glycol Releases from Airports**
Reporting Year	Untreated Releases	Disposal	Recycling	Total
1998	2450	1418	709	4577
1999	1797	1874	466	4137
2000	2163	3090	346	5599
2001	2019	4322	347	6688
2002	1165	4364	654	6183
2003	1445	4030	844	6319
2004	1405	3536	988	5929
2005	1232	4236	1277	6745

Source: NPRI 2005. All releases are in tonnes.

**Table 5: Summary Statistics of Concentrations of Ethylene Glycol in Stormwater Released from Canadian Airports in Selected Years**
Deicing season	Number of samples	Summary statistics and percentiles of distribution of measured concentrations (mg/L)
Deicing season	Number of samples	Mean	Median	75th	90th	95th	99th	Maximum
1997-98	1606	22	4	10	38	80	256	3700
1998-99	1676	23	5	12	45	65	180	4700
1997-99 combined	3282	23	5	10	42	72	200	4700
2003-04	1508	27	5	12	46	82	478	1860
2004-05	1728	19	4	11	51	76	136	2560
2003-05 combined	3236	23	5	12	49	78	224	2560

**Table 6: Direct Toxicity Risk Quotients for Exposure of Algae to Ethylene Glycol**
Effluent concentration (mg/L)	Descriptor	EEV in receiving water (mg/L)	Quotient¹
4700	Highest maximum, 1997-1999 seasons	470	0.719
200	99th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons	20	0.031
72	95th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons	7	0.012
2560	Highest maximum, 2003-2005 seasons	256	0.391
224	99th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons	22	0.034
78	95th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons	8	0.012

¹ Quotient is derived by dividing the EEV by the ENEV (654 mg/L).

**Table 7: Direct Toxicity Risk Quotients for Exposure of Amphibians to Ethylene Glycol**
Effluent concentration (mg/L)	Descriptor	EEV in receiving water (mg/L)	Quotient¹
4700	Highest maximum, 1997-1999 seasons	470	0.993
200	99th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons	20	0.042
72	95th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons	7	0.015
2560	Highest maximum, 2003-2005 seasons	256	0.541
224	99th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons	22	0.047
78	95th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons	8	0.017

¹ Quotient is derived by dividing the EEV by the ENEV (473 mg/L).

**Table 8: Indirect Toxicity Risk Quotients for Exposure of Aquatic Biota to Ethylene Glycol**
Effluent concentration (mg/L)	Descriptor	EEV in receiving water (mg/L)	Oxygen deficit¹ (mg/L)	Quotient²
4700	Highest maximum, 1997-1999 seasons	470	57.9	16.1
200	99th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons	20	3.1	0.86
72	95th Percentile, 1997-1999 seasons	7	1,3	0.37
2560	Highest maximum, 2003-2005 seasons	256	32.9	9.13
224	99th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons	22	3.4	0.95
78	95th Percentile, 2003-2005 seasons	8	1.6	0.44

¹ Oxygen deficit is the application of the Streeter and Phelps (1925) oxygen sag model to provide the number of mg O₂/L below the saturation point of 13.1 mg O₂/L and resulting from the assumed EEV in the receiving water.
² The quotient represents the ratio between the calculated oxygen deficit and the minimal oxygen deficit of 3.6 mg/L needed to meet the cold-water CCME freshwater guideline of 9.5 mg/L, assuming a water temperature of 4°C.

Table 9: Upper-bounding Estimates of Daily Intake of Ethylene Glycol by the General Population of Canada
(μg/kg-bw per day)
Route of Exposure	0 - 6 Months ¹		0.5 - 4 Years²	5 - 11 Years³	12 - 19 Years⁴	20 - 59 Years⁵	60 + Years⁶
Route of Exposure	Formula Fed	Not Formula Fed	0.5 - 4 Years²	5 - 11 Years³	12 - 19 Years⁴	20 - 59 Years⁵	60 + Years⁶
Ambient air⁷	2.6	2.6	5.6	4.4	2.5	2.1	1.9
Indoor air⁸	54.6	54.6	117.1	91.3	51.9	44.6	38.8
Food and beverages⁹	2.4	2.4	34.4	41.1	31.9	16.8	12.2
Drinking water¹⁰	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Soil¹¹	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total intake	60	60	157	137	86	64	53

¹ Assumed to weigh 7.5 kg, to breathe 2.1 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
² Assumed to weigh 15.5 kg, to breathe 9.3 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
³ Assumed to weigh 31.0 kg, to breathe 14.5 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
⁴ Assumed to weigh 59.4 kg, to breathe 15.8 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
⁵ Assumed to weigh 70.9 kg, to breathe 16.2 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
⁶ Assumed to weigh 72.0 kg, to breathe 14.3 m3 of air per day (EHD 1998) and to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998).
⁷ The Ontario Ministry of Environment (formerly the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy) measured levels of ethylene glycol at 12 different public areas located in Windsor, Ontario in 1992 (OMEE 1994b). The maximum concentration (75 µg/m³) was used to calculate the upper-bounding estimate of exposure for ambient air. Canadians are assumed to spend 3 hours outdoors each day (EHD 1998).
⁸ Zhu et al. (2004) measured levels of ethylene glycol in nine residential homes (two apartments and seven single detached houses), one attached residential garage, one office and two laboratories. The maximum concentration observed in a residential home (223 µg/m³) was used to calculate the upper-bounding estimate of exposure. Canadians are assumed to spend 21 hours indoors each day (EHD 1998).
⁹ Refer to the State of the Science Report on ethylene glycol (Environment Canada and Health Canada 2000) for more details on the values of ethylene glycol that may be found in food and beverages.
¹⁰ Concentrations of ethylene glycol in Canadian drinking water or elsewhere were not identified.
¹¹ Background concentrations of ethylene glycol in Canadian soils or elsewhere were not identified.

Table 10: Upper-bounding Estimates of Daily Intake of Ethylene Glycol by a Highly Exposed Population in the Immediate Vicinity of an Industrial Point Source
(µg/kg-bw per day)
Route of Exposure	0 - 6 months ¹		0.5 - 4 Years²	5 - 11 Years³	12 - 19 Years⁴	20 - 59 Years⁵	60 + Years⁶
Route of Exposure	Formula Fed	Not Formula Fed	0.5 - 4 Years²	5 - 11 Years³	12 - 19 Years⁴	20 - 59 Years⁵	60 + Years⁶
Ambient air⁷	5.39	5.39	11.55	9.01	5.12	4.40	3.82
Indoor air⁸	54.6	54.6	117.1	91.3	51.9	44.6	38.8
Food and beverages⁹	2.4	2.4	34.4	41.1	31.9	16.8	12.2
Soil¹¹	17	17	28	9	2	2	2
Total intake	79	79	191	150	91	68	57

¹ Assumed to weigh 7.5 kg, to breathe 2.1 m³ of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
² Assumed to weigh 15.5 kg, to breathe 9.3 m³ of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 100 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
³ Assumed to weigh 31.0 kg, to breathe 14.5 m³ of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 65 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
⁴ Assumed to weigh 59.4 kg, to breathe 15.8 m³ of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
⁵ Assumed to weigh 70.9 kg, to breathe 16.2 m³ of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (EHD 1998).
⁶ Assumed to weigh 72.0 kg, to breathe 14.3 m³ of air per day, to consume food items at average daily rates indicated in EHD (1998), and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day.(EHD 1998).
⁷ Based on the maximum 24-hr average concentration (154 *g/m³) predicted in ambient air in a nearby residences located outside of outer property boundary of an ethylene glycol manufacturing facility in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada (Sciences International, 2003). Canadians are assumed to spend 3 hours outdoors each day (EHD 1998). These values are likely underestimated as they do not take into account the higher levels of ethylene glycol expected to be found in indoor air of residences located near the vicinity of an industrial point source.
⁸ Zhu et al. (2004) measured levels of ethylene glycol in nine residential homes (two apartments and seven single detached houses), one attached residential garage, one office and two laboratories. The maximum concentration observed in a residential home (223 µg/m³) was used to calculate the upper-bounding estimate of exposure. Canadians are assumed to spend 21 hours indoors each day (EHD 1998).
⁹ Refer to the State of the Science Report For Ethylene Glycol from 2000 for more details on the values of ethylene glycol that may be found in food and beverages.
¹⁰ Based on the maximum reported concentration (4290 mg/kg) in soil near an industrial point source of discharge (AEP 1996).

**Table 11: Upper-bounding Estimates of Exposure to Ethylene Glycol from Use of Consumer Products**
Consumer Product Type	Assumptions	Estimated Concentrations and Intakes
Latex wall paint	Inhalation (do-it-yourself painter) Use Wall Paint Exposure Assessment Model (WPEM), version 3.2 2001 (US EPA 2001) and its default values (unless otherwise stated) for a do-it-yourself adult painter (RESDIY) in a painted area. Assume paint is 1 coat of primer and 2 coats of paint. Select ethylene glycol as the chemical of interest. Assume the maximum percent ethylene glycol in both the primer and the paint to be 5.0% (NLM 2007; ICI 2007). Assume that teenagers, adults and seniors may be painters.	Highest 8-hour concentration = 22 mg/m³ Highest instantaneous concentration = 31 mg/m³
	Inhalation adult/child occupant) Use Wall Paint Exposure Assessment Model (WPEM), version 3.2 2001 (US EPA 2001) and its default values (unless otherwise stated) for a child residing in house being painted (RESCHILD) located in the building but not in the painted area. Assume paint is 1 coat of primer and 2 coats of paint Select ethylene glycol as chemical of interest. Assume the maximum percent ethylene glycol in both the primer and the paint to be 5.0% (NLM 2007; ICI 2007). Assume all age groups may be occupants	Highest 8-hour concentration = 9.63 mg/m³ Highest instantaneous concentration = 10.3 mg/m³
	Dermal (do-it-yourself painter) Assume a paint density of 1.24 g/cm³, surface area exposed to be 220 cm² (10% of the surface area of the face, hands and forearms), a film thickness of 0.0098 cm (US EPA 1986) Assume the maximum percent ethylene glycol in both the primer and the paint to be 5.0% (NLM 2007; ICI 2007) Assume 100% absorption through skin. Assume adult body weight of 70.9 kg (EHD 1998).	Intake = 1.9 2 mg/kg bw per day
Floor Polish/Wax	Inhalation (adult/child occupant) Use ConsExpo, version 4.1 (RIVM, 2006) and its default values (unless otherwise stated) for adult applying floor polish to living room floor (22m²) using a cloth and manually rubbing floor, twice/ yr, undiluted product, leave the room after polishing. Assume the maximum percent ethylene glycol in floor polish to be 3.5 based on value referenced in SoS Report (2000). Note: CCSPA (2007) indicated a typical range of 1-3%.	Mean event concentration = 2.09 mg/m³
Auto wax/paste¹	Dermal contact by applicator Assume a maximum concentration of 3.0%, an exposed surface area equal to 400 cm² (palm and fingers of average adult), product density of 1.022 g/cm³, a film thickness of 0.00325 cm (US EPA 1986). Assume adult body weight of 70.9 kg (EHD 1998).	Intake = 0.56 mg/kg-bw per day

¹ Assume this activity would be done outdoors and therefore inhalation exposure to ethylene glycol would be negligible (US EPA, 1986).

**Table 12: Benchmark Dose (BMD) Values for Key Toxicity Studies: Gaunt *et al.* (1974), Depass *et al.* (1976), Neeper-Bradley *et al.* (1995), Cruzan *et al.* (2004) and ACC (2005)**
End Point	BMD₀₅ (mg/kg/day)	BMDL₀₅ (mg/kg/day)	Lack of fit (P-Value)
Gaunt et al. (1974)*
Kidney tubule damage	39.3	18.6	0.87
Individual nephrons with dethylene glycoleneration	83.8	45.1	0.86
Individual nephrons with dethylene glycoleneration and occasional oxalate	217.6	75.4	0.75
Several nephrons with dethylene glycoleneration and frequent crystals	553.9	180.1	1.00
Nephrons with dethylene glycoleneration and oxalate crystals	173.4	67.3	0.90
Generalized tubular damage with heavy crystals	456.5	158.1	1.00
*Depass et al.* (1986)**
Tubular dilation	726.5	476.1	0.70
Tubular dilation	726.5	476.1	0.70
Hydronephrosis	367.0	230.0	0.11
Oxalate nephrosis	313.2	272.5	0.41
Calcium oxalate crystalluria	704.0	521.6	0.93
*Neeper-Bradley et al.* (1995)**
Extra 14th rib per litter	141.3	23.1	0.91
Extra 14th rib per fetus	103.6	87.9	0.01
*Cruzan et al.* (2004)**
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy severity ≥1 vs. severity 0	160.7	71.5	0.92
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥2 vs. severity ≤1	194.7	73.0	0.98
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥3 vs. severity ≤2	158.2	52.9	0.68
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥4 vs. severity ≤3	326.4	95.1	0.98
Wistar rats, crystal nephropathy, severity 5 vs. severity ≤4	398.5	106.6	0.96
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥1 vs. severity 0	348.0	164.3	0.82
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥2 vs. severity ≤1	367.1	214.8	0.46
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥3 vs. severity ≤2	437.8	226.7	0.79
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥4 vs. severity ≤3	704.3	241.6	0.99
F-344 rats, crystal nephropathy, severity ≥5 vs. severity ≤4	704.3	241.6	0.99

* These data were originally modeled in 1999 using a multistage model with a threshold term (d0), which was standard practice at the time. The current practice is to omit the threshold term since the resulting BMDs are more conservative.

**Table 13: Maternal and Developmental Effects in CD-1 Mice from Nose-only Exposure to Ethylene Glycol During Gestation Days 6-15 (Tyl, *et al.* 1995)**
Target Concentration (mg/m³)	Average Measured Concentration (mg/m³)	Maternal Effects Observed	Developmental Effects Observed
0	0	No effects	No effects
500	360	No significant effects observed	No significant effects observed
1000	779	Increased absolute kidney weight	No significant effects observed
2500	2505	Increased absolute and relative (~7%; p<0.05) kidney weights	Reduced fetal body weights per litter, increase incidence of skeletal variations and fused ribs

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Date modified:: 2013-04-19

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ARCHIVED - Draft Assessment for Ethylene Glycol

Appendix A: Tables 1 to 13